This website presents 3 driver-related tests.  They are 1. Driver Risk Inventory-II, 2. DRI-II Short Form, and 3. Reinstatement Review Inventory-II.  Each test is discussed and you are given the opportunity to review their example reports.  Other links are located in the left margin of each webpage and they include: Examination Kit-Free, Test Comparison Checklist, Cost (Test Unit Fee), How these Tests Work, How To Order Tests and a link to Behavior Data Systems, Ltd. Website (www.bdsltd.com) for visitors desiring more in-depth information.

	THREE DRIVING-RELATED TESTS

The three driver related tests are presented in the following order

1. Driver Risk Inventory-II and its example report.

2. DRI-II Short Form and its example report.

3. Reinstatement Review Inventory-II and its example report.

These navigational links are provided so that visitors interested in one of these tests can go directly to that tests webpage.  The website flows from one test and its example report to the next test.  Some visitors will want to read through the entire webpage, whereas others will want to proceed directly to the tests that interest them. 

Driver Risk Inventory-II.  The DRI-II is a DUI/DWI offender assessment instrument or test.  It was developed specifically for DUI/DWI offender assessment.  The DRI-II test booklet contains 140 items and takes 25 minutes to complete.  If a person can read the newspaper they can read the DRI-II.  The DRI-II contains six scales (measures): 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Alcohol Scale, 3. Drugs Scale, 4. Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale, 5. Driver Risk Scale and 6. Stress Coping Abilities Scale. 

As reported in Government Technology (Vol. 3, #5, May 1990) “NHTSA concluded the Driver Risk Inventory (DRI) was the best . . .  It (DRI) appears to be by far the most carefully constructed test.  As you know the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is the highest federal authority in the DUI field.  And now, after years of research the DRI has been improved.  This improved test is called the DRI-II.

Click on this DRI-II Research Study link to review a DRI-II reliability and validity  research study.  You can then click on the "Back" link to return to this webpage. Many DRI-II studies have been completed by several different Ph.D.'s and scientists.  The linked study is representative of that research.

The DRI-II has impressive reliability, validity and accuracy.  Some of this research is reported in the "DRI-II: An Inventory of Scientific Findings" and other studies are reported in the   www.bdsltd.com website.  Several research studies can be available upon request.  If interested contact Behavior Data Systems, Ltd., P.O. Box 44256, Phoenix, Arizona, 85064-4256.  Telephone Number: (602) 234-3506, Fax Number: (602) 266-8227 and e-mail address bds@bdsltd.com.

The DRI-II expanding database has over one million DUI/DWI offenders in it.  And the DRI-II’s six scales measure client truthfulness when tested, alcohol abuse severity, drug abuse severity, driver risk (independent of substance abuse), and stress coping abilities while concurrently classifying offenders as "substance abusers" or "substance dependent" in accordance with DSM-IV criteria.

SIX  DRI-II  SCALES  (MEASURES)

1. Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the offender was while completing the DRI-II.  This scale identifies denial, minimization and lying.
    

2. Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol (beer, wine and other liquors) use and abuse.  It measures severity of alcohol abuse.
    

3. Drugs Scale: Measures the severity of illicit drug (marijuana, crack, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin) use and abuse.
    

4. Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale: Utilizes DSM-IV criteria to classify substance abuse or substance dependency in DUI/DWI offenders.
    

5. Driver Risk Scale: Measures driver risk independent of substance (alcohol or other drugs) use or abuse.  Some people are simply poor drivers.
    

6. Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures one’s ability to cope effectively with stress.  Stress exacerbates symptoms of emotional and mental health problems.

*  *  *  *  *

To help avoid comparing apples to oranges, the DRI-II Test Comparison Checklist sets forth important DUI/DWI offender test features.  This provides a checklist for test comparison.  To review this checklist click on the DRI-II Test Comparison Checklist link.

There are several levels of DRI-II Scale interpretation ranging from viewing the DRI-II as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and scale inter-relationships.  Click on the "Scale Interpretation" link for an introduction to DRI-II Scale Interpretation.

Confidentiality: Behavior Data Systems encourages test users to delete DUI/DWI offender names from diskettes before they are returned to Behavior Data Systems. Once client names are deleted, they are gone and cannot be retrieved. Deleting client names does not delete demographics or test data, which is downloaded into the DRI-II database for subsequent analysis. This proprietary name deletion procedure involves a few keystrokes and insures client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

                               DRIVER RISK INVENTORY - II
                            ***************************

       NAME            : Example Report                    CONFIDENTIAL REPORT
       AGE: 31     SEX : Male
       DATE OF BIRTH   : 01/01/1973
       ETHNICITY/RACE  : Caucasian
       EDUCATION/GRADE : High school graduate
       MARITAL STATUS  : Married
       DATE DRI SCORED : 12/11/2012

       DRI-II results  are  confidential  and  should  be  considered  working
       hypotheses. No diagnosis or decision should be based solely upon DRI-II
       results. The DRI-II is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff
       judgment.

       MEASURES            %ile                    DRI-II PROFILE
       --------            ----      +---------------+-----------+-------+---+
                                     -   LOW RISK    -  MEDIUM   -PROBLEM-MAX-
                                     -               -           -       -   -
       TRUTHFULNESS         26       ***********.....-...........-.......-...-
                                     -               -           -       -   -
       ALCOHOL              81       *********************************...-...-
                                     -               -           -       -   -
       DRIVER RISK          69       ****************************-.......-...-
                                     -               -           -       -   -
       DRUGS                15       *******.........-...........-.......-...-
                                     -               -           -       -   -
       STRESS COPING        63       **************************..-.......-...-
                                     +---------------+-----------+-------+---+
                                     0               40          70      90 100
                                     ----------- PERCENTILE SCORES -----------

 
         *** Substance (Dependency/Abuse) Classification: substance abuse

  
                             SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
                             ------------------------
       BAC current DUI arrest   : .12        Reduced to reckless driving: No
       Date of DUI arrest       : 09/09/2004 Other DUI's pending        : No
       Refused breathalyzer test: No         License suspended/revoked  : No
 
       Number of:                            Number of:
        DUI arrests in last 10 years....  1   Traffic violations, 10 yrs...  4
        Alcohol arrests (not DUI) 10 yrs  0   At-fault accidents, 10 yrs...  1
        Drug arrests (not DUI) 10 yrs...  0   DUI schools attended.........  0
 
 
        Behavior Data Systems, Ltd., P.O. Box 44256, Phoenix, AZ 85064-4256
    SQ Copyright (c) 1982, DRI Copyright(c) 1986, 1994 DRI-II Copyright(c) 1997
                                ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

The second page of the DRI-II report contains scale score paragraphs. Each paragraph presents that scale score, explains what each scale score means and sets forth specific scale score related recommendations. Paragraphs include the Truthfulness Scale, Dependency/Abuse Classification, Alcohol Scale, Driver Risk Scale and the Drugs Scale.

        NAME: Example Report             -2-                      DRI-II REPORT

 
 
        * * SUMMARY PARAGRAPHS EXPLAINING CLIENT'S ATTAINED SCALE SCORES * *
            ------------------------------------------------------------   
 
       TRUTHFULNESS SCALE: LOW RISK RANGE                   RISK PERCENTILE:26
        This is an accurate DRI-II profile and other scale scores  are  accur-
        ate. This person responded to the DRI-II test items in a nondefensive,
        cooperative and truthful manner. Denial and  distortion  are  minimal.
        This  person  has  adequate  reading  skills  and  was  truthful.  The
        Truthfulness  Scale  identifies  self-protective,   recalcitrant   and
        guarded people who minimize or even conceal self-report information. 

       DEPENDENCY/ABUSE CLASSIFICATION: Three or  more  of  the  seven  DSM-IV
        dependency  items  (or  their  equivalents)  are  not  admitted    to,
        consequently the classification of 'dependency' as defined  here  does
        not apply. Moreover, this person reports (item #84) that he or she has
        not been diagnosed 'substance dependent' in the past. One or  more  of
        the substance abuse items (or  their  equivalents)  are  admitted  to,
        which meets the criteria of 'substance abuse' as defined  here.  These
        admissions include: # 123,   6,    36.  This  client  describes  their
        drinking as a mild problem and their drug use as  a  minimum  problem.
        This person's Alcohol Scale score is elevated (at or  above  the  70th
        percentile) whereas their Drugs Scale score is not (at  or  below  the
        69th percentile) elevated. This profile is not uncommon in  the  early
        stages of substance use, or after relapse.  In  summary,  this  client
        meets the DSM-IV substance abuse classification. And within this abuse
        category their degree of risk is represented by  their  Alcohol  Scale
        score.
 
       ALCOHOL SCALE: PROBLEM RISK RANGE                    RISK PERCENTILE:81
        This person's response pattern on the Alcohol Scale is in the  Problem
        Risk (70 to 89th percentile)  range.  A  drinking  or  alcohol-related
        problem is indicated. An interview will establish if this person is  a
        "recovering" alcoholic. Recovering usually  means  the  person  has  a
        problem but is  abstaining.  If  recovering,  establish  the  recovery
        history.  Relapse  risk is high.  Consider counseling  (individual  or
        group) and/or  attendance at  Alcoholics Anonymous  (AA) meetings.  An
        alcohol-related problem is indicated.  Although this person  does  not
        meet the DSM-IV dependency criteria, their scale score indicates  that
        the person does represent a substance use risk. The severity  of  this
        client's Alcohol Scale score is an area  of  inquiry  that  should  be
        explored in interview. The severity of this  person's  score  reflects
        problematic substance use.

       DRIVER RISK SCALE: MEDIUM RISK RANGE                 RISK PERCENTILE:69
        Some indicators of driver risk are evident. There is  a  tendency  for
        this person to be aggressive, irresponsible and easily  angered  while
        driving. Even under "normal" conditions this person could be an  impa-
        tient and perhaps unsafe driver. Substance (alcohol  or  other  drugs)
        use or abuse could increase this person's "driver risk". 

       DRUGS SCALE: LOW RISK RANGE                          RISK PERCENTILE:15
        This person's response pattern on the Drugs Scale is in  the Low  Risk
        (zero to 39th percentile) range. Few, if any,  significant  indicators
        of at-risk drug use are evident. If present, drug involvement  may  be
        historical, experimental or minimal. Review other DRI-II scale  scores

 

The third page of the DRI-II report completes the Drugs Scale paragraph and presents the Stress Coping Abilities Scale paragraph. Significant items (direct admissions or unusual answers) are presented for the Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale, and Driver Risk Scale. The final sequence of items (#119-140) represent multiple choice answers. Each of these items is multiple choice, and the answer selected by the DUI/DWI offender is printed on this page. These answers are the offender's self-report with all of their biases. It's interesting to compare offender answers with their empirically based scores. Space is provided for staff member's comments/recommendations and signature. The report ends with a reproduction of the DUI/DWI offender's answers to all the DRI-II items.

      

        NAME: Example Report             -3-                      DRI-II REPORT

        along with the Significant  Items  in  a  Structured  Interview.  This
        arrest is of concern. An interview will help clarify if  substance use
        is episodic or represents non-habitual abuse.

       STRESS COPING SCALE: MEDIUM RISK RANGE               RISK PERCENTILE:63
        Although generally manifesting average stress coping  abilities,  this
        person's  emotions  can  interfere  with  judgment--particularly  when
        frustrated, angered, rejected or during periods  of  substance  abuse.
        Stress does not appear to be a focal issue in  this  person's  adjust-
        ment. This score is in the Medium Risk (40 to 69th percentile) range.

       SIGNIFICANT ITEMS:  The following self-report responses represent areas
       that may help in understanding the respondent's situation and status.
 

       ALCOHOL                             DRUGS
       -------                             -----
        2. Client concerned about drinking 24. May or may not use drugs
        6. Family/Social drinking problems
       33. Feels guilty about drinking
       36. Despite family drinks
 

       DRIVER RISK
       -----------
        7. Has a quick temper
       20. Gets angry quickly
       140. Slightly aggressive driver 

       SECTION 3: Answers to multiple choice items are printed below:
       --------------------------------------------------------------
       119. No work or household neglect   130. This question does not apply
       120. Uses more than intended        131. This question does not apply
       121. Has not used when dangerous    132. Rates symptoms: mild
       122. No legal problems or arrests   133. No drug treatment programs
       123. Continued use despite family   134. States drinking a mild problem
       124. Not lot of time getting/using  135. Using drugs is not a problem
       125. This question does not apply   136. May need alcohol treatment
       126. Continued use despite problems 137. No need for drug treatment
       127. Denies increased tolerance     138. Not a "recovering" person
       128. Denies withdrawal symptoms     139. Rates alcohol use mild problem
       129. Not high/drunk before work etc 140. Slightly aggressive driving 

       COMMENTS/RECOMMENDATIONS:_____________________________________________

       ______________________________________________________________________

       ______________________________________________________________________

       ______________________________    ____________
          STAFF MEMBER SIGNATURE            DATE             (DRI TEST # 1 )

                                  DRI-II RESPONSES
                                  ----------------
         1- 50  FTTFTTTFFF  FFFFFFTFFT  FFTTTTFTTF  FTTFFTFTFF  FTTFFFTFTF 
        51-100  FFFFFTFFFT  TFFTTFFTFF  FFFTFTFFTT  TFTF311232  1213322131 
       101-140  3211313233  2123243141  4424424444  4143424423 

 

DRI-II Short Form.  The Short Form is particularly appropriate for use with DUI/DWI  offenders that are reading impaired, in high volume assessment settings and as an alternative retest.  The DRI-II Short Form has 73 items and requires 20 minutes to complete.  Reports are scored and printed on-site within 2½ minutes.  In comparison to the DRI-II, the DRI-II Short Form does not have the Stress Coping Abilities Scale because of its length.

 FIVE  DRI-II  SHORT FORM  SCALES 

1. Truthfulness Scale: Measures offender truthfulness while completing the   test.  This scale detects denial, problem minimization and attempts to fake good.
    

2. Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol (beer, wine and other liquor) use and abuse.  It measures the severity of alcohol use or abuse.
    

3. Drugs Scale: Measures the severity of illicit drugs (cocaine, marijuana, crack, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin) use and abuse.
    

4. Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale: Utilizes DSM-IV criteria to classify substance abuse or substance dependency.  A classification scale.
    

5. Driver Risk Scale: Measures driver risk independent of substance (alcohol and other drugs) use or abuse.

*  *  *  *  *

The DRI-II Short Form scales correlate highly significantly with corresponding DRI-II scales.  Several levels of scale interpretation are possible.  They range from viewing the DRI-II Short Form as a self-report to interpreting scale elevation and inter-relationships.  Staff can then place DUI/DWI offenders DRI-II Short Form findings within the context of the offender’s life situation.
 

Much of the DRI-II Short Form standardization research is summarized in the document titled "DRI-II: An Inventory of Scientific Findings"  which can be provided upon request.  Additional research is reported in the Behavior Data Systems (BDS) website www.bdsltd.com.  When you  go to the BDS site, click on the "Tests Alphabetically Listed" link in the left margin of the page.  Then scroll down to the "DRI-II Short Form" link, click it and you will go to the DRI-II Short Form webpage.  This webpage describes the DRI-II Short Form, discusses its unique features and presents some of its research.  And additional information can be provided upon request.

Confidentiality: Behavior Data Systems encourages test users to delete DUI/DWI offender names from diskettes before they are returned to Behavior Data Systems. Once client names are deleted, they are gone and cannot be retrieved. Deleting client names does not delete demographics or test data, which is downloaded into the DRI-II Short Form database for subsequent analysis. This proprietary name deletion procedure involves a few keystrokes and insures client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

Additional DRI-II Short Form information can be provided upon request.  Behavior Data Systems, Ltd. telephone number is (602) 234-3506, its fax number is (602) 266-8227 and its website address is www.bdsltd.com.

                     

                         DRIVER RISK INVENTORY - II SHORT FORM

                      *************************************

       NAME            : Example Report                    CONFIDENTIAL REPORT

       AGE: 25     SEX : Male

       DATE OF BIRTH   : 05/12/1979

       ETHNICITY/RACE  : Caucasian

       EDUCATION/GRADE : High school graduate

       MARITAL STATUS  : Married

       DATE DRI SCORED : 12/11/2012

       DRI-II Short Form results  are  confidential  and  should  be  considered

       working hypotheses.  No diagnosis or decision should be based solely upon

       DRI-II  Short  Form  results.  The  DRI-II  Short  Form  is to be used in

       conjunction with experienced staff judgment.

       MEASURES            %ile              DRI-II SHORT FORM PROFILE

       --------            ----      +---------------+-----------+-------+---+

                                     -   LOW RISK    -  MEDIUM   -PROBLEM-MAX-

                                     -               -           -       -   -

       TRUTHFULNESS         24       **********......-...........-.......-...-

                                     -               -           -       -   -

       ALCOHOL              83       **********************************..-...-

                                     -               -           -       -   -

       DRIVER RISK          81       *********************************...-...-

                                     -               -           -       -   -

       DRUGS                19       ********........-...........-.......-...-

                                     +---------------+-----------+-------+---+

                                     0               40          70      90 100

                                     ----------- PERCENTILE SCORES -----------

         *** Substance (Dependency/Abuse) Classification: substance abuse

                             SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

                             ------------------------

       BAC current DUI arrest   : .12        Reduced to reckless driving: No

       Date of DUI arrest       :12/11/2004  Other DUI's pending        : No

       Refused breathalyzer test: No         License suspended/revoked  : No

       Number of:                            Number of:

        DUI arrests in last 10 years....  1   Traffic violations, 10 yrs...  4

        Alcohol arrests (not DUI) 10 yrs  0   At-fault accidents, 10 yrs...  1

        Drug arrests (not DUI) 10 yrs...  0   DUI schools attended.........  0

        Behavior Data Systems, Ltd., P.O. Box 44256, Phoenix, AZ 85064-4256

      DRI-II Short Form Copyright(c) 1986, 1994 DRI-II Copyright(c) 1997, 2002

                                ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

The second page of the DRI-II Short Form report contains scale paragraphs. These scales include the Truthfulness Scale, Substance Abuse/Dependency Scale Classification, the Alcohol Scale, Driver Risk Scale and the Drugs Scale. Each paragraph gives the respondent's percentile score, explains what that score means and provides score-related recommendations.

        

      NAME: Example Report             -2-           DRI-II SHORT FORM REPORT

        * * SUMMARY PARAGRAPHS EXPLAINING CLIENT'S ATTAINED SCALE SCORES * *

            ------------------------------------------------------------   

       TRUTHFULNESS SCALE: LOW RISK RANGE                   RISK PERCENTILE:24

        This is an accurate DRI-II profile and other scale scores  are  accur-

        ate. This person responded to the DRI-II test items in a nondefensive,

        cooperative and truthful manner. Denial and  distortion  are  minimal.

        This  person  has  adequate  reading  skills  and  was  truthful.  The

        Truthfulness  Scale  identifies  self-protective,   recalcitrant   and

        guarded people who minimize or even conceal self-report information.

       DEPENDENCY/ABUSE CLASSIFICATION: Three or  more  of  the  seven  DSM-IV

        dependency  items  (or  their  equivalents)  are  not  admitted    to,

        consequently the classification of 'dependency' as defined  here  does

        not apply. Moreover, this person reports (item #64) that he or she has

        not been diagnosed 'substance dependent' in the past. One or  more  of

        the substance abuse items (or  their  equivalents)  are  admitted  to,

        which meets the criteria of 'substance abuse' as defined  here.  These

        admissions include: #13. This client describes  their  drinking  as  a

        moderate problem and  their  drug  use  as  a  minimum  problem.  This

        person's Alcohol Scale  score  is  elevated  (at  or  above  the  70th

        percentile) whereas their Drugs Scale score is not (at  or  below  the

        69th percentile) elevated. This profile is not uncommon in  the  early

        stages of substance use, or after relapse.  In  summary,  this  client

        meets the DSM-IV substance abuse classification. And within this abuse

        category their degree of risk is represented by  their  Alcohol  Scale

        score.

       ALCOHOL SCALE: PROBLEM RISK RANGE                    RISK PERCENTILE:83

        This person's response pattern on the Alcohol Scale is in the  Problem

        Risk (70 to 89th percentile)  range.  A  drinking  or  alcohol-related

        problem is indicated. An interview will establish if this person is  a

        "recovering" alcoholic. Recovering usually  means  the  person  has  a

        problem but is  abstaining.  If  recovering,  establish  the  recovery

        history.  Relapse  risk is high.  Consider counseling  (individual  or

        group) and/or  attendance at  Alcoholics Anonymous  (AA) meetings.  An

        alcohol-related problem is indicated.  Although this person  does  not

        meet the DSM-IV dependency criteria, their scale score indicates  that

        the person does represent a substance use risk. The severity  of  this

        client's Alcohol Scale score is an area  of  inquiry  that  should  be

        explored in interview. The severity of this  person's  score  reflects

        problematic substance use.

       DRIVER RISK SCALE: PROBLEM RISK RANGE                RISK PERCENTILE:81

        This person presents as a driver risk  and  may  be  an  irresponsibly

        aggressive driver. This person is  likely  impatient,  quick  tempered

        and easily angered while driving. Even under "normal" conditions  this

        person could be a driver risk. Thus, independent of substance (alcohol

        or other drugs) use or abuse, this person scored in the  Problem  Risk

        (70 to 89th percentile) range. A driver safety course may be helpful.

       DRUGS SCALE: LOW RISK RANGE                          RISK PERCENTILE:19

        This person's response pattern on the Drugs Scale is in the  Low  Risk

        (zero to 39th percentile) range. Few, if any,  significant  indicators

        of at-risk drug use are evident. If present, drug involvement  may  be

The third page of the DRI-II Short Form report completes the Drugs Scale paragraph. This page also contains significant items (direct admissions or highly unusual answers) for the Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale and Driver Risk Scale. The last sequence of DRI-II Short Form test items (#68-73) are 4-choice multiple choice questions. Whatever answer is selected by the DUI/DWI offender is printed. This allows comparison of these subjective answers (with all their biases) with the empirically based scale scores. Space is provided for staff comments/recommendations as well as their signature and date. Page 3 concludes with a reproduction of all DRI-II Short Form answers.

       NAME: Example Report             -3-           DRI-II SHORT FORM REPORT

        historical, experimental or minimal. Review other DRI-II scale  scores

        along with the Significant  Items  in  a  Structured  Interview.  This

        arrest is of concern. An interview will help clarify if  substance use

        is episodic or represents non-habitual abuse.

       SIGNIFICANT ITEMS:  The following self-report responses represent areas

       that may help in understanding the respondent's situation and status.

       ALCOHOL                             DRUGS

       -------                             -----

       10. Attended Alcoholics Anon.(AA)   No significant items were reported

       26. Treated for a drinking problem  for this scale.  Review  items  68

       42. Drinking a problem past year    through 73 below even though  they

                                           reflect  the  client's  subjective

                                           opinion.

       DRIVER RISK

       -----------

        7. Admits often drives fast

       SECTION 2: Answers to multiple choice items are printed below:

       --------------------------------------------------------------

       68. Drinking is a moderate problem 

       69. Not sure about alcohol treatmt 

       70. One alcohol treatment program  

       71. Not a "recovering" person      

       72. No need for drug treatment     

       73. Drug use is not a problem      

       COMMENTS/RECOMMENDATIONS:_____________________________________________

       ______________________________________________________________________

       ______________________________________________________________________

       ______________________________    ____________

           STAFF MEMBER SIGNATURE            DATE             (DRI TEST # 1 )

                            DRI-II SHORT FORM RESPONSES

                            ---------------------------

         1- 50  TFTFFTTTFT  FTTTTTFFTT  FTFFTTFFFT  FTFFFFTFFF  TTFTFTFFFF 

         51-73  TFTFTFFFFF  TFTFFTF231  444

        Behavior Data Systems, Ltd., P.O. Box 44256, Phoenix, AZ 85064-4256

      DRI-II Short Form Copyright(c) 1986, 1994 DRI-II Copyright(c) 1997, 2002

                                ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Much of the DRI-II Short Form standardization validity and reliability research is reported in the document "DRI-II: Inventory of Scientific Findings" which can be available upon request.   Also several research studies are reported in the Behavior Data Systems website www.bdsltd.com.

Within-test reliability or inter-item reliability coefficient alphas for the DRI-II Short Form are reported for 8,145 DUI offenders.

 All DRI-II Short Form scales have alpha coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .80 and are highly reliable.  All coefficients alphas are significant at the p<.001 level of significance.  Alpha coefficients at or above .85 are considered very reliable.

Early studies used criterion measures and were validated with other tests, e.g. MMPI, Mortimer-Filkins, MacAndrews, SAQ-Adult Probation III, etc. As noted earlier, much of the research is summarized in the DRI-II: An Inventory of Scientific Findings.

DRI-II Short Form scales correlate highly significantly with comparable DRI-II scales.  Correlation coefficients for 25,281 DUI/DWI offenders are:

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients demonstrate a very high correlation between DRI-II and comparable DRI-II Short Form scales. It is safe to conclude that DRI-II Short Form scales measure essentially the same thing as DRI-II Scales. A correlation coefficient of 1.0 refers  to a perfect relationship or correlation.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), after reviewing all major DUI offender assessment tests, concluded the DRI was "by far the most carefully constructed" (DOT HS 807 475).  And as reported in "Government Technology" (Vol. 3, #5, May 1990), "The Driver Risk Inventory was rated by NHTSA as the best."

Parties interested in more DRI-II and DRI-II Short Form information should click on the Behavior Data Systems website www.bdsltd.com.

For links to other websites, click here.

DRIVING TESTS OVER THE INTERNET

Professional Online Testing Solutions, Inc. enables you to administer the DRI-II over the internet at the very affordable fee of $9.95 per test. You can download test booklets, answer sheets, training manuals, example reports and research free. To establish your account (takes three minutes) click on www.online-testing.com.

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The Reinstatement Review Inventory-II (RRI-II), is an automated (computer scored) assessment instrument or test that is used to screen applicants applying for reinstatement of their suspended or revoked driver’s license.  This is an innovative and different test that is reliable, valid and accurate.

The Reinstatement Review Inventory-II or RRI-II, is designed to screen applicants applying for reinstatement of their driver’s license after it was suspended or revoked.  The RRI-II consists of 128 items and takes 25 minutes to complete.  It has six scales (measures): 1. Truthfulness Scale, 2. Alcohol Scale, 3. Drugs Scale, 4. Comparative Change Scale, 5. Intervention Checklist and 6. the Stress Coping Abilities Scale.

The RRI-II is different.  It explores the questions “Has the applicant changed since their driver’s license was suspended or revoked?”

Why have a test for driver’s license reinstatement?  Because the information needed to decide whether or not to reinstate a suspended or revoked driver’s license is in many ways unique.  Has the applicant changed since their driver’s license was suspended or revoked?  Does the applicant have an alcohol or drug problem?  Does the applicant have emotional or attitudinal problems that can overwhelm their stress coping abilities?  Has the applicant made a sincere commitment to positive and responsible change?  Questions asked before driver’s license reinstatement go beyond just alcohol and drugs. 

It is assumed that a state reviews an applicant’s court and driving history prior to reinstating a revoked or suspended driver’s license. It is also assumed that somebody interviews the applicant. Is this enough? Considering the serious responsibilities and potential consequences associated with driver’s license reinstatement, many people don’t think so. Behavior Data Systems, Ltd. (BDS) interviewed people working in driver’s license reinstatement programs in three states, and not one person was satisfied with their reinstatement procedures. When asked what they were looking for, the overwhelming majority said, "Some indication that the applicant had positively changed since their driver’s license was suspended or revoked." When asked how they made this determination, almost all just laughed or shrugged their shoulders.

Test Booklets

RRI-II test booklets are provided free. These booklets contain 128 items and are written at a 5^th to 6^th grade reading level. If a person can read the newspaper, they can read the RRI-II.

Reports

In brief, RRI-II reports summarize the applicant’s answers in a concise 3-page report. The RRI-II profile (graph) summarizes RRI-II findings at a glance. Each scale score is summarized in a paragraph that presents the applicant’s score, explains what that score means and provides score-related recommendations. Significant items (admissions and unusual answers) are printed for staff review. In addition, applicant answers to the structured interview (items 119 to 128) are printed for reference. To review an RRI-II example report, click on the RRI-II Report link. This example report link is also presented at the end of this webpage.

SIX  RRI-II  SCALES  (MEASURES)

1.      Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the applicant was while completing the RRI-II.  It identifies denial and faking.

2.     Alcohol Scale: Measures the applicants use and/or abuse of alcohol. Alcohol refers to beer, wine and other liquors.

3.     Drugs Scale: Measures illicit drugs (marijuana, crack, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin) use and/or abuse.

4.    Comparative Change Scale: Helps identifying applicants who have experienced positive attitudinal and behavioral change.

5.     Intervention Checklist Scale: Clarifies  the applicant’s status in terms of meeting reinstatement requirements.  Have they made a sincere commitment to change?

6.     Stress Coping Abilities Scale: Measures how well the applicant handles stress.  We now know stress exacerbates emotional problems.

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Many states review an applicant’s court and driving history prior to reinstating a revoked or suspended driver’s license.  Some states requires a letter from a non-relative stating that the applicant is a moral, responsible and abstaining person.  Many states also interview the applicant.  Is this enough?  Considering the serious responsibilities and potential consequences associated with driver’s license reinstatement, many people don’t think so.  How should the RRI-II be used?  It should be used in conjunction with a review of available driving records and an interview with the applicant by an experienced staff member.

Advantages of Screening.  Assessment instruments like the RRI-II filter out people with problems that may require more assistance and help.  How can you tell if the applicant was truthful?  The RRI-II has a built-in Truthfulness Scale that accurately identifies denial, defensiveness, problem minimization and attempts to fake good.  It would be naïve to assume all applicants answer reinstatement questions truthfully.  And, without an objective, reliable, valid and accurate Truthfulness Scale some staff are deceived.  Nobody wants to reinstate a driver’s license to an applicant who then has a DUI-related accident and kills somebody.

More comprehensive RRI-II information is provided on the Behavior Data Systems (BDS) website www.bdsltd.com.  Interested parties can click on the www.bdsltd.com link in this webpage.  When you arrive at the Behavior Data Systems site, click on the “Tests Alphabetically Listed” in the left margin, scroll down to the Reinstatement Review Inventory-II name and click on it. You will then go directly to the RRI-II webpage.   It’s that easy.  RRI-II research is also available on the Behavior Data Systems site.

RESEARCH

Reliability and Validity

Early research used criterion measures, and the RRI-II was validated with other tests, e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L and F-Scales, 16PF, Treatment Intervention Inventory, etc. Subsequently, database analysis based studies further support RRI-II reliability and validity. To review RRI-II research, click on the RRI-II Research Study link. Another research study link is presented at the end of this webpage.

The RRI-II has a proprietary built-in database that insures inclusion of all administered tests in a confidential (no names) manner. Annual database analysis further demonstrates that the RRI-II is a reliable and valid test.

The inter-item reliability (alpha) coefficients for the six RRI-II scales are presented below. There were 249 participants who completed the RRI-II. All scales were highly reliable. All of the alpha reliability coefficients for all RRI-II scales were at or above 0.85. These results demonstrate that the RRI-II is a reliable test.

All RRI-II scales have alpha coefficients above the professionally accepted standard of .80 and are highly reliable. And, all coefficient alphas are significant at the p<.001 level.

Relationships between RRI and RRI-II scales

The RRI-II is a revised version of the RRI, but some of the scales remained the same or changed very little. These scales are: Alcohol, Drugs, Comparative Change and Intervention Checklist. For the RRI-II, the Truthfulness Scale was redone, the Road Rage Scale was dropped and the Stress Coping Abilities Scale was added. Pearson Product-Moment correlation coefficients between RRI scale scores and RRI-II scale scores for the four similar scales are presented in the table below.

498 APPLICANTS (2002) CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS

COURTESY RRI-II LINKS

·        Cost (Test Unit Fee):  RRI-II Cost is set forth on the Cost (Test Unit Fee) linked webpage.  It is important to understand BDS’s "one cost and everything else is included free" price structure.  The RRI-II is very affordable.
 

·        To avoid comparing apples to , BDS developed a checklist for Reinstatement Review Inventory-II comparison.  Unique test features are readily apparent, e.g., three test administration options, built in database, Intervention Checklist, Comparative Change Scale, etc.  If you’re interested in the RRI-II we recommend you click on the RRI-II Test Comparison Checklist link.  And to review the RRI-II's "Summary Statements" click on the RRI-II Summary Statement link.
 

·         Free-Examination Kit:  Some people want to see a test work before purchasing it.  To meet this need Behavior Data Systems offers a 2-test examination kit on a 30 day basis.  This demonstration packet is free.  However, we do want the test booklet and diskette returned within 30 days.  You can order a free examination kit directly by clicking on the Free RRI-II Examination Kit link.

SUMMARY

In summary, the Reinstatement Review Inventory-II is different.  It addresses the question “Has the applicant changed since their driver’s license was suspended or revoked?”  More in-depth coverage of the RRI-II is presented in BDS’s website www.bdsltd.com. Each BDS site webpage’s left margin contains important navigational links.  Click on the “Tests Alphabetically Listed” link and scroll down to the Reinstatement Review Inventory-II test name and click on it.  You will then go directly to the RRI-II’s webpage.  You can then review RRI-II cost, description, example report, annual summary reports, test comparison checklist, research and much more.

An example RRI-II three-page report is included for review. This example report is presented page by page. It should be noted that all RRI-II reports are printed in the same format. However, within this outline, each report is highly individualized.

Page 1 presents the "RRI-II Summary Statement" in the box at the top right of the page. There are 3 possible summary statements: 1. Invalid Test Results (test results are distorted due to applicant defensiveness, denial, problem minimization or attempts to fake good). 2. Meets Reinstatement Criteria (RRI-II results indicate it would be appropriate to reinstate this applicant’s driver’s license). And, 3. Exceeds Reinstatement Criteria (RRI-II results reflect serious problems). To review these summary statements, click on the RRI-II Summary Statements link.

The RRI-II profile lists its scales, gives the applicant’s attained scale scores and summarizes this information graphically. Experienced RRI-II users can summarize results at a glance. Below the RRI-II profile is a brief self-reported driver record. The "Summary" paragraph summarizes RRI-II results in one concise paragraph.

                             REINSTATEMENT REVIEW INVENTORY - II

                         ***********************************

                                CONFIDENTIAL REPORT

       NAME OR ID#    : Example Report                 ----------------------

       AGE: 21     SEX: Male                           |       MEETS        |

       DATE OF BIRTH  : 01-01-1983                     |   REINSTATEMENT    |

       ETHNICITY/RACE : Caucasian                      |     CRITERIA       |

       EDUCATION/GRADE: Partial H.S.                   ----------------------

       MARITAL STATUS : Single

       DATE SCORED    : 12/11/2012

       RRI-II results  are confidential  and  should  be  considered  working

       hypotheses. No  diagnosis  or decision  should be  based  solely  upon

       RRI-II results. The  RRI-II is to be used  in conjunction  with exper-

       ienced staff judgment.

                                                 RRI-II PROFILE

       Scales         % Score      +---------------+-----------+-------+---+

       ------         -------      -   LOW RISK    -  MEDIUM   -PROBLEM-MAX-

                                   -               -           -       -   -

       TRUTHFULNESS      37        ***************.-...........-.......-...-

                                   -               -           -       -   -

       ALCOHOL           76        *******************************.....-...-

                                   -               -           -       -   -

       DRUGS             59        ************************....-.......-...-

                                   -               -           -       -   -

       STRESS COPING     61        *************************...-.......-...-

                                   +---------------+-----------+-------+---+

                                   0               40          70      90 100

                                   ----------- PERCENTILE SCORES -----------

       INTERVENTION CHECKLIST: Out of 24 items, the applicant answered 19 as

         'Completed requirement' and 4 were answered 'Does not apply to me'.

         Answers are listed on page 2 of this report.

       COMPARATIVE CHANGE: Out of 18 items, the applicant answered 10 as

         'Changed for the better' and none were answered 'Does not apply'.

         Answers are listed on page 3 of this report.

            Client had: 1 DUI arrest, 1 suspension in the last 10 years.

                                      SUMMARY

                                      -------

       The  statement  'Meets  Reinstatement  Criteria'  means  RRI-II   test

       results indicate that together the Alcohol, Drugs  and  Stress  Coping

       Abilities Scales scores do not  represent  a  problem  at  this  time.

       Furthermore,  fewer  than  4  Intervention   Checklist    items    are

       categorized as answer #1-Required but did  not  complete.  And,  fewer

       than 4 Comparative Change items are categorized as  answer  #3-Changed

       for the worse. These Reinstatement  Review  Inventory-II  results  are

       accurate and valid.

     Reinstatement Review Inventory-II, Copyright (c) 1999. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Page 2 presents paragraph summaries for the Truthfulness Scale, Alcohol Scale, Drugs Scale and Intervention Checklist. At the bottom of page 2, the Intervention Checklist Scale paragraph is presented, and checklist items (#47 through #70) are presented. Checklist results reflect the applicant’s self-report.

       NAME: Example Report             -2-                      RRI-II REPORT

       * * SUMMARY PARAGRAPHS EXPLAINING CLIENT'S ATTAINED SCALE SCORES * *

           ------------------------------------------------------------

       TRUTHFULNESS SCALE: LOW RISK RANGE                  RISK PERCENTILE: 37

        This is  an  accurate  RRI-II  profile  and  other  scale  scores  are

        accurate.  This individual  responded to the  RRI-II test  items  in a

        nondefensive, cooperative and truthful manner.  Denial and  distortion

        are minimal. This person has adequate reading skills and was truthful.

        The  Truthfulness  Scale  is  designed  to  identify  self-protective,

        recalcitrant  and  guarded  people  who  minimize   or  conceal  self-

        report information.

       ALCOHOL SCALE: PROBLEM RISK RANGE                   RISK PERCENTILE: 76

        A drinking (beer, wine or liquor) or alcohol-related problem is  indi-

        cated. Verify if this person is a "recovering" alcoholic. Relapse risk

        is  high.  RECOMMENDATIONS:  First  offenders  may be  assigned  to  a

        midrange intervention or treatment program, whereas, multiple  offend-

        ers might be referred to a more comprehensive program. Intervention or

        counseling (individual or group) should not be replaced  by Alcoholics

        Anonymous  meetings. Rather, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings  could

        augment  treatment.  Individual or group  counseling on  an outpatient

        basis might be appropriate.

       DRUGS SCALE: MEDIUM RISK RANGE                      RISK PERCENTILE: 59

        Some indicators of drug use are present, however, an established  pat-

        tern of abuse is not evident. RECOMMENDATIONS: Interview to  establish

        this client's history and pattern  of  drug  use  or  abuse.  Consider

        referral for enrollment in an education  program.  Multiple  offenders

        (and interested first offenders) might concurrently  attend  Narcotics

        Anonymous (NA) or Cocaine Anonymous (CA) meetings.  Most  medium  risk

        scorers benefit from pretreatment education.

       INTERVENTION CHECKLIST:  this  applicant's  answers  indicate  that  he

        positively went  beyond  what  was  required  for  some  preconditions

        established  for  driver's  license  reinstatement.  The   applicant's

        answers show that he did not complete some requirements established at

        the time of driver's license suspension  or  revocation.  Indeed,  the

        applicant  acknowledges  awareness  of  requirements  that  were   not

        completed. And his answers show some Intervention Checklist items (#47

        through 70) do not apply in his case. Intervention Checklist items and

        applicant answers are summarized for reference. Items and answers  are

        abbreviated in this report.

                              INTERVENTION CHECKLIST

       47-Aftercare..Exceeded requirement  59-New friends.Exceeded requirement

       48-AA.........Requirement completd  60-Family time.Exceeded requirement

       49-Lifestyle..Exceeded requirement  61-Religion....Exceeded requirement

       50-Chem. dep..Exceeded requirement  62-NA..........Item does not apply

       51-CA.........Requirement completd  63-Outpatient..Item does not apply

       52-Counseling.Exceeded requirement  64-Paid fees...Requirement completd

       53-Court reqs.Item does not apply   65-Recov. pgm..Requirement completd

       54-Comm. sys..Did not complete      66-Self-help...Requirement completd

       55-Chem. dep..Requirement completd  67-Stop drinkg.Requirement completd

       56-Grp. couns.Exceeded requirement  68-Stop drivng.Requirement completd

       57-Fam. rela..Item does not apply   69-Stop drugs..Requirement completd

       58-Ind. couns.Exceeded requirement  70-Educ. prgm..Exceeded requirement

Page 3 begins with a summary of the Comparative Change Scale. Next is the Stress Coping Abilities Scale paragraph. Significant items (direct admissions or unusual answers) for the Alcohol Scale and Drugs Scale are only listed when selected by the applicant. Applicant answers to items #119 through 128 are multiple choice items. These answers are chosen by the applicant and incorporate the applicant’s biases. The report provides space for staff member comments, signature and the date the report was completed on. At the bottom of page 3 is a reproduction of all of the applicant’s RRI-II answers. This facilitates clarification of any test items of interest along with the applicant’s answers.

       NAME: Example Report             -3-                      RRI-II REPORT

       COMPARATIVE CHANGE: this  applicant's  answers  to  Comparative  Change

        items (#71 through 88) indicate that he believes some positive changes

        (cognitive, behavioral and lifestyle) have occurred in the  last  year

        or 12 months. Applicant self-report indicates that many of these items

        have not changed in the last 12 months. This applicant reports few, if

        any, of these items have 'changed for the worse.'  Comparative  Change

        items and applicant answers are summarized (in abbreviated format) for

        reference.

                                COMPARATIVE CHANGE

       71-Temper...........Improved        80-Healing.........No change

       72-Understanding....No change       81-Drug use........Improved

       73-Well-being.......Got worse       82-Not drinking....Improved

       74-Drinking.........Improved        83-Not using drugs.Improved

       75-Driving Attitude.Improved        84-Responsibility..No change

       76-Driver Education.Improved        85-Problems........No change

       77-Driving safety...No change       86-Social drinking.Improved

       78-Family...........Improved        87-Social drug use.Improved

       79-Friendships......No change       88-Substance educa.No change

       STRESS COPING SCALE: MEDIUM RISK RANGE              RISK PERCENTILE: 61

        Although generally manifesting average stress coping  abilities,  this

        person's  emotions  can  interfere  with  judgment--particularly  when

        frustrated, angered, rejected or during periods  of  substance  abuse.

        However, stress does not appear to be a focal issue in  this  person's

        adjustment. This score is a Medium Risk (40 to 69th percentile) score.

       SIGNIFICANT ITEMS: The following responses may help in understanding

       the applicant's situation.

       ALCOHOL                             DRUGS

       -------                             -----

        6. States drinks more than should  42. Admits to a drug problem

        8. Drinking more than little prob.

       12. Last year attended AA meetings

       14. States concerned about drinking

       SUSPENSIONS/REVOCATIONS             ** One DL suspension

       STRUCTURED INTERVIEW

       --------------------

       119. Drinking is not a problem      124. Drug use not a problem

       120. Not sure needs alcohol trtmt   125. Not sure if needs drug trtmt

       121. Last year: alcohol counseling  126. Last year had drug counseling

       122. States "recovering" alcoholic  127. Drove a vehicle in last year

       123. Suicidal in last year          128. Not informed of requirements

       COMMENTS:______________________________________________________________

       ___________________________  __________________________  ______________

                                      STAFF MEMBER SIGNATURE         DATE

       RESPONSES  1- 50 TTFTTTTTTF TTFTTFFFFF TFTFFTTFTT FFFFFFFFFF FFFFFF3233

       Test #1   51-100 2341234333 3442222223 1231112122 1112211213 2233122333

                101-128 1143213141 3414144143 21143214

IN CONCLUSION

In conclusion, look closely at the navigation links in the left margin of this webpage.  They enable you to go directly to the test that is of interest to you.  They also enable you to review each tests example report.  The Cost (Test Unit Fee) link answer the question “What do these tests cost?”  The Free Examination Kit link gives you a quick way to order an Examination Kit (some call it a 2-test demonstration kit).  The How These Tests Work link provides some practical automated assessment testing insights.  The Test Comparison’s link provides guidance regarding test comparison.  The How To Order link provides a quick and easy way to place your test order.  And, the www.bdsltd.com link offers a fast and direct way to go to the Behavior Data Systems, Ltd. website which provides more in-depth information on the Driver Risk Inventory-II (DRI-II), DRI-II Short Form and the Reinstatement Review Inventory-II.

As always, additional information can be provided upon request.  Behavior Data Systems, Ltd., P.O. Box 44256, Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4256.  Our telephone number is (602) 234-3506, our fax number is (602) 266-8227 and our e-mail address is bds@bdsltd.com.  Behavior Data Systems offices are open 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Mountain Standard time, Monday through Friday.

 

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